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Lengthy earlier than chess got here to Europe from India, the British Celts had been taking part in board video games the place the article was to seize a central âkingâ piece. Two variants of this recreation existed, Gwyddbwyll and Tallfwrdd.
Gwyddbwyll, actually which means âwood knowledgeâ (and thus itâs associated to the Irish recreation Fidchell) and is understood predominantly from mythological sources. Certainly, the sport options in three of the Welsh epics referred to as the Mabinogion: The Dream of Magnus Maximus, Peredur son of Efrawg and the Dream of Rhonabwy.
By way of standard perception gwyddbwyll is performed on a 7Ă7 board and this ties-in with the Ballinderry Recreation Board present in 1932 throughout the excavation of a âcrannogâ, or lake dwelling at Ballinderry, West Meath, Eire. Evidently the sport was performed with a king and 4 princes (or defenders) in opposition to eight opponents (or raiders).
The king is positioned within the centre of the board, flanked by 4 princes. The purpose of the sport being to maneuver the king to the security of one of many nook squares. Eight attackers are evenly spaced alongside the perimeters of the board. The king wins by shifting from the central house to one of many corners of the board and solely the king is allowed to enter the central house at any time. The king loses if the attackers encompass him or if all of the princes are misplaced. Seize of the princes or attackers is achieved by blocking the opponentâs piece between two of your personal. Nevertheless a chunk can transfer in between two opposing items with out being captured. Every bit can solely transfer one orthogonal house at a time (ie solely forwards or backwards). If not occupied by the king the centre sq. counts as a further âmanâ ie any piece (besides the king) sandwiched between it and one other piece is captured. The king can be captured on the fringe of the board by solely three opposing items. Which signifies that if the attackers are all the way down to solely two males the kingâs aspect has received by default.
In distinction, Tallfwrdd (actually peg-board [though the name can also be derived from tafl âto throwâ, referring to the die with which the board is played]) is understood from historic sources. Itâs described within the Cyfrraith Hywel Dda (The Legal guidelines of Hywel Dda) which specifies the worth of a towlbwrdd which shall be supplied to numerous members of a kingâs court docket (and which they might neither promote nor give away) in addition to the worth of the kingâs towlbwrdd; the latter âis worth six score pence, and that is shared thus: sixty pence for the white forces, and ⊠thirty pence for the king, and ⊠three pence and three farthings for every manâ. Which would appear to indicate that the sport was performed with a king and eight âprincesâ or âdefendersâ in opposition to sixteen âattackersâ.
Extra element is given within the 1587 manuscript of Robert ap Ifan in Elizabethan Wales, which provides us with a sketch of a âtowlbwrddâ board as an 11Ă11 sq.. and an outline of the setup and play which is, sadly, inconsistent with the earlier data in that it locations a king and twelve males in opposition to twenty-four males (although at the very least itâs constant in balancing the king in opposition to half of the opposing males.) The setup requires the king to be positioned within the heart of the board along with his personal males within the squares nearest to him and the opposing males in the course of both sides, an ambiguous description at greatest.
This present interpretation an 11Ă11 board with a central king surrounded by twelve princes or defenders. Either side of the board begins with six blue attackers, giving 24 in complete. The central sq. is necessary as it might probably solely be occupied by the king, although different items can cross it, so long as it is unoccupied. Play proceeds by alternate turns and although the extant documentation doesnât describe whoâs to maneuver first it will appear pure that the attacker would do that (after all of the king is defending in opposition to an assault). The king additionally has an inherent benefit within the recreation and giving the attacker the primary transfer goes a way in direction of lowering this.
All items transfer orthogonally (ie forwards or backwards just like the rook in chess). They will transfer any variety of squares however canât leap over one other piece and the sq. moved into should even be vacant.
Any man (aside from the king) will be captured by being sandwiched between two opponents (ie when two of the opponentâs males occupy adjoining squares in a straight line with it). Some variants of the sport enable items to maneuver into squares between opposing males with out being captured, however others donât enable this. It is usually unclear whether or not the king can take part in captures; although the sport is extra even when this type of seize is disallowed. Additionally, as no different piece aside from the king can occupy the central sq. it could be attainable to make use of this as a further man and items will be captured by being sandwiched in opposition to it.
The kingâs aspect wins if the king reaches any edge and the king additionally wins by default if the attackers are down to 3 or fewer males. The attackers can solely win by capturing the king; surrounding him on all 4 sides by their males. Nevertheless, a variant based mostly on gwyddbwyll would enable the attackers to win if all of the princes (kingâs defenders) have been eradicated from the board.
There must be sufficient data right here so that you can re-create the video games, however when you want extra data and footage use the hyperlinks beneath:
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