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Coaxial attenuators are resistive networks, pi or t networks, connector to RF / Microwave connectors. These attenuators are generally used to regulate sign ranges in navy & business rf & microwave techniques. When choosing the proper coaxial attenuator in your software, one ought to remember sure key parameters.
Connector sort: SMA attenuators, BNC attenuators, & sort N attenuators are quite common. One may also purchase pretty readily attenuators with TNC, 2.92mm, & 2.4mm connectors. There are a couple of producers who provide QMA, 1.85, SMB, F, & Reverse Polarity (N, SMA, TNC) attenuators. After all coaxial adapters can all the time be used with any attenuator connector, however all of us desire to keep away from them except mandatory.
Connector materials: Each Brass & Stainless Metal are commonplace. One should watch the related torque values; a brass sma requires 3-5 in-lbs, a chrome steel sma requires 7-10 in-lbs, relying upon the producer. Utilizing a ten in-lb torque wrench on a brass sma will often twist the sma nut proper off the half! SMA, BNC, Sort N, & TNC attenuators can be found in each supplies, with brass getting used for a lot of business functions, & stainless lasting over elevated mates/demates. Undertorquing sure attenuators, just like the sma, may cause degraded efficiency at greater frequencies, typically 15 ghz & above.
Energy CW: For small sign functions to 18ghz 2 watts is probably the most generally out there attenuator, although there are a couple of 0.5watt & 1 watt attenuators additionally out there. Above 18ghz the alternatives are much less, typically simply 0.5watts at 50ghz. Likewise under 18ghz greater powers can be found, with uncooled 500 watt models at 3ghz commonplace. Energy CW is often specified at room temperature, however derates as temperature will increase; a 2 watt unit @ 25C might solely deal with 0.5watts @ 125 C
Frequency: As frequency will increase, the resistive chips should be made with extra precision, & therefore price extra. Generally out there bands are 0-6ghz, 0-18ghz, 0-26ghx, 0-40ghz, & 0-50ghz, 0-65ghz. As the development is just a resistive community, the decrease frequency vary will all the time be 0. On the higher frequency restrict is the place one can count on probably the most ripple in passband response, & the widest deviation from desired attenuator.
Directionality: Small sign attenuators are bidirectional, both port can be utilized because the enter. Many of the very excessive energy attenuators are unidirectional, they’ve an enter & output, & hooking the DUT backwards is generally deadly. It is because excessive energy attenuators use cascaded attenuator chips; maybe 2-3 db within the first chip, 3-5 within the second, 6-30 within the third, successfully spreading the warmth to be dissipated alongside the size of the attenuator. Making use of energy to the output ends in nearly all the facility being dissipated in a single chip which then overheats & fails.
DC Dealing with: Being resistive networks, coaxial attenuators aren’t meant to deal with DC & will change the DC. Usually the attenuator will dissipate an excessive amount of warmth in its resistive components & fail. One can bypass the attenuator with dc blocks & bias-t’s. A number of bias passing attenuators can be found which incorporate the dc blocks & bias t’s.
Contact Supplies: Nearly all out there attenuators use BeCu feminine contacts, & Brass male contacts. A number of shopper functions will substitute brass for the feminine contacts for price discount, however these must be averted for all however shopper functions.
Electrical Specs: One can count on these specs: VSWR, Attenuation worth, Attenuation accuracy (tolerance), Frequency (higher), Energy Dealing with CW, Energy Dealing with Peak, Working Temperature Vary, Impedance, Connector Materials, and Contact Materials.
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